The treatable conditions that can cause cognitive impairment are numerous.

Infectious Diseases

HIV should always be considered in individuals at risk, as well as the possibility of chronic infection from fungus or other organisms.

Nutritional Deficiency

Nutritional deficiency states, particularly B12 deficiency increase with aging and are treatable with regular injections once diagnosed.

Endocrine Disorders

Hypothyroidism, insufficient thyroid hormone, can be associated with slowed thinking, poor concentration, decreased short term memory, depressed mood, and slowed movements along with other symptoms. The incidence of thyroid problems increases with age.

Mini Strokes

Small strokes called transient ischemic attack (TIA) are a very treatable cause of cognitive decline. TIAs can be seen on an imaging study, Computed Tomography (CT scan) or magnetic resonance image (MRI), and treated accordingly.

Lifestyle Factors

Physical activity is the most important factor in maintaining cognitive health. Increased stimulating mental activities and social interactions, as well as controlling known risk factors such as hypertension, diabetes, high cholesterol, and smoking are also factors contributing to a healthy memory. Excessive, chronic alcohol consumption can impair brain function and cause nutritional deficiencies that further exacerbate confusion.

Medications

Sleeping pills or bladder medication can cause mental clouding. Because medications can interact in different ways, all prescribed and over the counter medications should be reviewed with your physician.